By Renova Hospitals
January 13, 2026
Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Overview
Fever, unexplained fear of water, difficulty swallowing, and neurological symptoms are among the most frightening medical complaints seen in emergency departments, yet they are also some of the most misunderstood.
Many people dismiss animal bites as minor injuries, not realising that rabies is one of the deadliest viral infections known to medicine.
Many people dismiss animal bites as minor injuries, not realising that rabies is one of the deadliest viral infections known to medicine.
Once symptoms begin, rabies is almost always fatal; therefore, immediate treatment after exposure is critical. Timely wound washing, the rabies vaccine schedule, anti-rabies serum, and correct rabies medication can completely prevent this fatal disease when given early.
Understanding the appropriate rabies vaccine dose, the adult anti-rabies vaccine dose, and the rabies vaccine price helps individuals seek care without delay.
Understanding the appropriate rabies vaccine dose, the adult anti-rabies vaccine dose, and the rabies vaccine price helps individuals seek care without delay.
What is Rabies?
Rabies is not just an infection; it is a disease that attacks the nervous system. After entering the body through a bite or scratch, the rabies virus travels along nerves toward the brain. This slow movement explains why individuals may feel well for weeks or months after exposure, even without receiving the first dose of the rabies vaccine.
Once the virus reaches the brain:
- Inflammation begins
- Nerve signalling fails
- Breathing, swallowing, and consciousness become affected
How Rabies Spreads
Rabies is a viral disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually by:
- Dog bites
- Cat scratches
- Bat bites
- Monkey bites
If the rabies vaccine series is not completed, the virus enters the nervous system and eventually causes fatal encephalitis. Many people worry: can rabies spread from person to person? In the general population, rabies does not spread from person to personcthrough touch, food, or air. Only extremely rare cases through organ transplant or deep saliva exposure have been reported.
Types of Rabies
Doctors classify rabies based on symptoms.
Furious Rabies
- Hyperactivity
- Fear of water
- Hallucinations
- Aggression
Paralytic Rabies
- Muscle weakness
- Progressive paralysis
- Respiratory failure
Both forms of rabies are fatal without timely administration of rabies medication, including the rabies vaccine dose and antirabies serum. Delaying treatment because of concerns about rabies vaccine price or rabies injection side effects can be deadly.
What Is Rabies Caused By?
A virus in the family Lyssaviridae causes rabies. It enters the body through:
- Broken skin
- Animal bites
- Open wounds exposed to saliva
Once inside, the virus multiplies silently. Without rabies medication and completion of the rabies vaccine series, symptoms typically do not appear until nerve invasion, when treatment is ineffective. At this stage, neither the rabies vaccine dose nor anti-rabies serum can save the patient.
Rabies Infection Cycle (From Bite to Brain)
1. Animal Bite or Scratch
Rabies virus enters the body through:
- Dog bite
- Cat scratch
- Bat or monkey bite
- Saliva entering broken skin
The virus is present in the saliva of an infected animal.
2. Virus Enters the Wound
After the bite:
- The rabies virus enters the skin and muscle
- It stays silent for a few days
- There are usually no symptoms at this stage
This is the critical window during which rabies vaccine and anti-rabies serum can prevent the disease.
3. Virus Attaches to Nerves
The virus finds nearby nerve endings and:
- Enters the nerve
- Starts moving toward the spinal cord
- Travels slowly (days to months)
This slow movement explains why rabies symptoms appear late.
4. Travel to Brain
Rabies virus moves through:
- Peripheral nerves
- Spinal cord
- Brain
Once it reaches the brain:
- Inflammation starts
- Brain cells are destroyed
- Nerve control fails
5. Brain Infection (Encephalitis)
The virus causes:
- Fear of water
- Excess saliva
- Confusion
- Aggression
- Seizures
At this stage, treatment no longer works.
6. Spread to Salivary Glands
From the brain, the virus travels to:
- Salivary glands
- Mouth
This allows the infected person or animal to:
- Spread rabies through saliva
- Bite others and continue the cycle
7. Death
Without early vaccination:
- Breathing muscles stop
- Heart rhythm fails
- Patient dies
Rabies at this stage is almost 100% fatal.
What Are the Symptoms of Rabies?
Early symptoms
- Fever
- Tingling at the bite site
- Fatigue
Advanced symptoms
- Fear of water
- Difficulty swallowing
- Excess salivation
- Confusion
- Seizures
At this stage, neither the side effects of rabies injection nor the price of the rabies vaccine matters; only prevention before symptoms begin.
Can rabies spread from person to person?
The answer is no. Can rabies spread from person to person through air, touch, or food?
It spreads only when infected saliva enters an open wound.
It spreads only when infected saliva enters an open wound.
Diagnosis for Rabies?
Rabies is not like other infectious diseases. The most important point to understand about rabies is that it typically presents symptoms only after the virus has reached the brain. By the time symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal. That is why waiting for symptoms or test results is extremely dangerous.
Doctors can test for rabies using saliva, blood, spinal fluid, small skin samples, and sometimes brain imaging, but these tests are mainly useful after symptoms have started. Unfortunately, at that stage, treatment is no longer effective.
This is why doctors never wait for lab reports after an animal bite. Instead, they initiate prevention immediately by administering the anti-rabies vaccine and serum. These injections prevent the virus from reaching the nerves and brain, and this early treatment is what saves lives.
Treatment for Rabies
Rabies Vaccine Schedule
Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28 — this is the global rabies vaccine schedule.
Anti-Rabies Vaccine Dose for Adults
The anti-rabies vaccine dose for adults is the same as children and is part of the standard rabies vaccination.
Anti-Rabies Serum
Anti-rabies serum is injected around the wound to neutralise the virus.
Rabies Injection Side Effects
When people hear about injections, it’s natural to worry about side effects. The good news is that rabies vaccines and anti-rabies injections are very safe, and serious problems are extremely rare.
Most people only feel mild discomfort after a rabies shot. The common things you may notice are pain, redness, or slight swelling at the injection site. Some people also feel a little tired, get a mild fever, headache, or body aches for a day or two. These are just signs that your body is building protection and they usually go away on their own.
A few people may have mild anti-rabies vaccine side effects like dizziness, itching, or small rashes, but these are temporary. The anti-rabies serum administered for severe bites may occasionally cause soreness, mild fever, or itching because it is injected around the wound, but this is normal.
Serious allergic reactions are very rare; therefore, these injections are administered in a medical setting where immediate assistance is available.
What matters most is this: rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear, but the vaccine can completely prevent it. So even if you feel a little discomfort after the injection, it is a small price to pay for protecting your life.
Rabies Vaccine Price Range?
The price of the rabies vaccine varies by hospital, brand, and whether anti-rabies serum is required. However, rabies medication is always cheaper than intensive care or death. In India, the rabies vaccine typically costs ₹200-₹500 per dose, depending on the brand, hospital, and city.
Commonly used human rabies vaccines, such as Rabivax-S and similar brands, are typically priced at ₹250 to ₹450 per dose in private hospitals and pharmacies. Government hospitals often provide the rabies vaccine at no cost or at a highly subsidised rate.
Commonly used human rabies vaccines, such as Rabivax-S and similar brands, are typically priced at ₹250 to ₹450 per dose in private hospitals and pharmacies. Government hospitals often provide the rabies vaccine at no cost or at a highly subsidised rate.
A complete rabies vaccination schedule, typically comprising 4 to 5 doses, may cost approximately ₹2,000 to ₹5,000 in private healthcare settings. If a patient requires anti-rabies serum (rabies immunoglobulin) for deep or high-risk bites, the total treatment cost may increase to approximately ₹6,000-₹9,000 or more, as the serum is significantly more expensive than the vaccine itself.
When Should You Seek Medical Care?
Medical care should be taken immediately after an animal bite, before the rabies virus spreads to the central nervous system. Treatment must be started even if the wound looks small, if the skin is broken, or if saliva has entered the body. If the animal is behaving strangely, rabies treatment should be started without delay.
Rabies can be transmitted through dogs, cats, and other animals. Even apparently healthy animals can still carry and transmit rabies. Therefore, anti-rabies vaccination must be administered after any potentially risky bite. When started early, the vaccine and anti-rabies injections can completely prevent this deadly disease.
Renova Hospitals: Comprehensive Rabies Care
We provide immediate wound cleaning, a complete rabies vaccination schedule, anti-rabies serum when indicated, and advanced emergency infectious disease and neurology support to ensure that every patient receives timely, life-saving care. Our goal is zero rabies deaths through early intervention.
Rabies is 100% fatal but also 100% preventable when treated on time. Never ignore an animal bite. Start the rabies vaccine dose, strictly follow the rabies vaccine schedule, and receive anti-rabies serum as advised, because in rabies care, your life depends on speed, not symptoms.
Rabies is 100% fatal but also 100% preventable when treated on time. Never ignore an animal bite. Start the rabies vaccine dose, strictly follow the rabies vaccine schedule, and receive anti-rabies serum as advised, because in rabies care, your life depends on speed, not symptoms.
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